Association between age-related hearing loss and cognitive impairment in ageing
Authors:
J. Fuksa 1,2
; M. Profant 1,2
; M. Chovanec 2
; J. Syka 1
Authors‘ workplace:
Oddělení neurofyziologie sluchu, Ústav experimentální medicíny AV ČR, Praha
1; Otorinolaryngologická klinika 3. LF UK a FN Královské Vinohrady, Praha
2
Published in:
Otorinolaryngol Foniatr, 70, 2021, No. 4, pp. 223-233.
Category:
Review Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.48095/ccorl2021223
Overview
Age-related hearing loss, presbycusis, is one of the most frequent sensory impairments in the ageing population. It is associated with pathologies of both inner ear and the central parts of the auditory system. Intact cognitive functions are necessary for the proper processing of complex auditory information. Since the beginning of the 80s, there is an increasing amount of evidence linking presbycusis to cognitive impairment and increased risk of dementia. The exact cause, which connects these two pathologies, is still unknown, although there are several hypotheses with various levels of evidence available. This review aims to describe the role of cognitive functions in the auditory processing, to summarize published evidence for a relationship between the hearing loss and cognitive impairment with a possible mechanism, which would explain this link. In addition, we discuss specific features of cognitive assessment in a person with hearing loss and describe the effect of hearing loss treatment, e. g. with hearing aids, cochlear implant and cognitive-hearing training on cognitive functions.
Keywords:
dementia – hearing loss – presbycusis – cognitive decline
Sources
1. Syka J. Presbyakuze. Otorinolaryngol Foniatr 2016; 65 (4): 211–220.
2. Fischer ME, Cruickshanks KJ, Wiley TL et al. Determinants of hearing aid acquisition in older adults. Am J Public Health 2011; 101 (8): 1449– –1455. Doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300078.
3. Schuknecht HF. Pathology of the Ear. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1974.
4. Working Group on Speech Understanding and Aging. Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Biomechanics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Speech understanding and aging. J Acoust Soc Am 1988; 83 (3): 859–895.
5. Ouda L, Profant O, Syka J. Age-related changes in the central auditory system. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361 (1): 337–358. Doi: 10.1007/ s00441- 014-2107-2.
6. Profant O, Balogova Z, Dezortova M et al. Metabolic changes in the auditory cortex in presbycusis demonstrated by MR spectroscopy. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48 (8): 795–800. Doi: 10.1016/ j.exger.2013.04.012.
7. Profant O, Skoch A, Balogova Z et al. Diffusion tensor imaging and MR morphometry of the central auditory pathway and auditory cortex in aging. Neuroscience 2014; 260: 87–97. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.010.
8. Grose JH, Mamo SK. Processing of temporal fine structure as a function of age. Ear Hear 2010; 31 (6): 755–760. Doi: 10.1097/AUD. 0b013e3181e627e7.
9. Suta D, Rybalko N, Pelanova J et al. Age-related changes in auditory temporal processing in the rat. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46 (9): 739–746. Doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.05.004.
10. Arons B. A review of the cocktail party effect. J Am Voice IO Soc 1992; 12 (7): 35–50.
11. Prince MJ. World Alzheimer Report 2015: The Global Impact of Dementia: an Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends: Alzheimer’s Disease International 2015.
12. Lin PJ, Yang Z, Fillit HM et al. Unintended benefits: the potential economic impact of addressing risk factors to prevent Alzheimer‘s disease. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33 (4): 547–554. Doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1276.
13. Weber P. „Frailty“ – stařecká křehkost – aktuální problém na prahu 3. tisíciletí. Interní Med Praxi 2008; 10 (2): 47–47.
14. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56 (3): M146–156. Doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.
15. Panza F, Lozupone M, Solfrizzi V et al. Different cognitive frailty models and health- and cognitive-related outcomes in older age: from epidemiology to prevention. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62 (3): 993–1012. Doi: 10.3233/JAD-170963.
16. Suzman R, Haaga JG. World demography of aging. In: Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. New York: Mcgraw-hill 2011.
17. Wingfield A, Tun PA, McCoy SL. Hearing loss in older adulthood: what it is and how it interacts with cognitive performance. Cur Direct Psychol Sci 2005; 14 (3): 144–148. Doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00356.x.
18. Ding N, Simon JZ. Emergence of neural encoding of auditory objects while listening to competing speakers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109 (29): 11854–11859. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1205381109.
19. Schneider BA, Pichora-Fuller MK. Impications of Perceptual Deterioration for Cognitive Aging Research. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers 2000.
20. Rogers CS, Jacoby LL, Sommers MS. Frequent false hearing by older adults: the role of age differences in metacognition. Psychol Aging 2012; 27 (1): 33–45. Doi: 10.1037/a0026231.
21. Villaume W, Brown M, Darling R. Presbycusis communication and older adults. In: Interpersonal Communication in Older Adulthood: Interdisciplinary Theory and Research. Edited by Hummert ML, Wiemann JM, Nussbaum JF. SAGE Publications 1994.
22. Yang Y, Raine A. Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis. Psychiat Res 2009; 174 (2): 81–88. Doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012.
23. Wong PC, Ettlinger M, Sheppard JP et al. Neuroanatomical characteristics and speech perception in noise in older adults. Ear Hear 2010; 31 (4): 471–479. Doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181d709c2.
24. Hasher L, Zacks RT. Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view. In: Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 22. Edited by Bower GH. Academic Press 1988: 193–225.
25. Fadiga L, Craighero L. Hand actions and speech representation in Broca‘s area. Cortex 2006; 42 (4): 486–490. Doi: 10.1016/s0010-945 2 (08) 70383-6.
26. Liberman AM, Mattingly IG. The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition 1985; 21 (1): 1–36. Doi: 10.1016/0010-0277 (85) 90021-6.
27. Cowan N. Attention and Memory: An Integrated Framework. Oxford University Press 1998.
28. Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Oduber C et al. Sensory impairment and cognitive functioning in oldest-old subjects: the Leiden 85+ Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiat 2005; 13 (9): 781–786. Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.9.781.
29. Lin FR, Albert M. Hearing loss and dementia – who is listening? Aging Ment Health 2014; 18 (6): 671–673. Doi: 10.1080/13607863.2014.915924.
30. Lindenberger U, Baltes PB. Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: a strong connection. Psychol Aging 1994; 9 (3): 339–355. Doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.9.3.339.
31. Uhlmann RF, Larson EB, Rees TS et al. Relationship of hearing impairment to dementia and cognitive dysfunction in older adults. JAMA 1989; 261 (13): 1916–1919.
32. Loughrey DG, Kelly ME, Kelley GA et al. Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 144 (2): 115–126. Doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.2513.
33. Taljaard DS, Olaithe M, Brennan-Jones CG et al. The relationship between hearing impairment and cognitive function: a meta-analysis in adults. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 41 (6): 718–729. Doi: 10.1111/coa.12607.
34. Lin FR, Metter EJ, O‘Brien RJ et al. Hearing loss and incident dementia. Arch Neurol 2011; 68 (2): 214–220. Doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.362.
35. Lin FR, Yaffe K, Xia J et al. Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173 (4): 293–299. Doi: 10.1001/ jamainternmed.2013.1868.
36. Gates GA, Anderson ML, McCurry SM et al. Central auditory dysfunction as a harbinger of Alzheimer dementia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 137 (4): 390–395. Doi: 10.1001/archoto.2011.28.
37. Wahl H-W, Heyl V. Connections between vision, hearing, and cognitive function in old age. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging 2003; 27 (1): 39–45.
38. Rigters SC, Bos D, Metselaar M et al. Hearing impairment is associated with smaller brain volume in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9: 2. Doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00002.
39. Syka J. Plastic changes in the central auditory system after hearing loss, restoration of function, and during learning. Physiol Rev 2002; 82 (3): 601–636. Doi: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2002.
40. Park SY, Kim MJ, Sikandaner H et al. A causal relationship between hearing loss and cognitive impairment. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136 (5): 480–483. Doi: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1130857.
41. Vernon M. Fifty years of research on the intelligence of deaf and hard-of-hearing children: a review of literature and discussion of implications. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2005; 10 (3): 225–231. Doi: 10.1093/deafed/eni024.
42. Pichora-Fuller MK, Mick P, Reed M. Hearing, cognition, and healthy aging: social and public health implications of the links between age-related declines in hearing and cognition. Semin Hear 2015; 36 (3): 122–139. Doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1555116.
43. Amieva H, Stoykova R, Matharan F et al. What aspects of social network are protective for dementia? Not the quantity but the quality of social interactions is protective up to 15 years later. Psychosom Med 2010; 72 (9): 905–911. Doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f5e121.
44. Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Tang Y et al. The effect of social networks on the relation between Alzheimer‘s disease pathology and level of cognitive function in old people: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5 (5): 406–412. Doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422 (06) 70417-3.
45. Horder H, Johansson L, Guo X et al. Midlife cardiovascular fitness and dementia: A 44-year longitudinal population study in women. Neurology 2018; 90 (15): e1298–e1305. Doi: 10.1212/ WNL.0000000000005290.
46. Jorm AF. Is depression a risk factor for dementia or cognitive decline? A review. Gerontology 2000; 46 (4): 219–227. Doi: 10.1159/000022163.
47. Maharani A, Dawes P, Nazroo J et al. Longitudinal Relationship Between Hearing Aid Use and Cognitive Function in Older Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018; 66 (6): 1130–1136. Doi: 10.1111/jgs.15363.
48. Amieva H, Ouvrard C, Giulioli C et al. Self-Reported Hearing Loss, Hearing Aids, and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Adults: A 25-Year Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63 (10): 2099–2104. Doi: 10.1111/jgs.13649.
49. Stahl SM. Does treating hearing loss prevent or slow the progress of dementia? Hearing is not all in the ears, but who‘s listening? CNS Spectr 2017; 22 (3): 247–250. Doi: 10.1017/S1092852917000268.
50. Uchida Y, Sugiura S, Nishita Y et al. Age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline – The potential mechanisms linking the two. Auris Nasus Larynx 2019; 46 (1): 1–9. Doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2018.08.010.
51. Martini A, Castiglione A, Bovo R et al. Aging, cognitive load, dementia and hearing loss. Audiol Neurootol 2014; 19 Suppl 1: 2–5. Doi: 10.1159/000371593.
52. Sweller J. Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction 1994; 4 (4): 295–312. Doi: https: //doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752 (94) 90003-5.
53. Wayne RV, Johnsrude IS. A review of causal mechanisms underlying the link between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23 (Pt B): 154–166. Doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.06.002.
54. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study. JAMA 1997; 277 (10): 813-817.
55. Lourenco J, Serrano A, Santos-Silva A et al. Cardiovascular risk factors are correlated with low cognitive function among older adults across Europe based on the SHARE database. Aging Dis 2018; 9 (1): 90–101. Doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.0128.
56. Uchida Y, Nakashimat T, Ando F et al. Is there a relevant effect of noise and smoking on hearing? A population-based aging study. Int J Audiol 2005; 44 (2): 86–91. Doi: 10.1080/149920 20500031256.
57. Uchida Y, Sugiura S, Ando F et al. Diabetes reduces auditory sensitivity in middle-aged listeners more than in elderly listeners: a population- based study of age-related hearing loss. Med Sci Monit 2010; 16 (7): PH63–PH68.
58. Gopinath B, Schneider J, Rochtchina E et al. Association between age-related hearing loss and stroke in an older population. Stroke 2009; 40 (4): 1496–1498. Doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.108.535682.
59. Cobley JN, Fiorello ML, Bailey DM. 13 reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2018; 15: 490–503. Doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.008.
60. Tavanai E, Mohammadkhani G. Role of antioxidants in prevention of age-related hearing loss: a review of literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274 (4): 1821–1834. Doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-4378-6.
61. Bennett S, Grant MM, Aldred S. Oxidative stress in vascular dementia and Alzheimer‘s disease: a common pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 17 (2): 245–257. Doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1041.
62. Maxwell CJ, Hicks MS, Hogan DB et al. Supplemental use of antioxidant vitamins and subsequent risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 20 (1): 45–51. Doi: 10.1159/000085074.
63. Plassman BL, Williams JW, Jr., Burke JR et al. Systematic review: factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153 (3): 182–193. Doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3- 201008030-00258.
64. Kurniawan C, Westendorp RG, de Craen AJ et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E and age-related hearing loss. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33 (9): 2230 e2237–2230 e2212. Doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.001.
65. Mener DJ, Betz J, Yaffe K et al. Apolipoprotein E allele and hearing thresholds in older adults. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2016; 31 (1): 34–39. Doi: 10.1177/1533317514537549.
66. Hardy CJ, Marshall CR, Golden HL et al. Hearing and dementia. J Neurol 2016; 263 (11): 2339–2354. Doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-82 08-y.
67. Bespalova IN, Van Camp G, Bom SJ et al. Mutations in the Wolfram syndrome 1 gene (WFS1) are a common cause of low frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10 (22): 2501–2508. Doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.22. 2501.
68. Catania A, Peverelli L, Tabano S et al. DNMT1-complex disorder caused by a novel mutation associated with an overlapping phenotype of autosomal-dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy (ADCA-DN) and hereditary sensory neuropathy with dementia and hearing loss (HSN1E). Neurol Sci 2019; 40 (9): 1963–1966. Doi: 10.1007/s10072-019-03859-7.
69. Corwin J, Bylsma FW. Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy. Clin Neuropsychologist 1993; 7 (1): 3–21. Doi: 10.1080/13854049308401883.
70. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW et al. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press 2004.
71. Harvey PD. Domains of cognition and their assessment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2019; 21 (3): 227–237. Doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2019. 21.3/pharvey.
72. Strauss E, Sherman EMS, Spreen O. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford University Press 2006.
73. Goldstein S, Naglieri JA. Handbook of Executive Functioning. New York: Springer 2014.
74. Lin VY, Chung J, Callahan BL et al. Development of cognitive screening test for the severely hearing impaired: Hearing-impaired MoCA. Laryngoscope 2017; 127 Suppl 1: S4–S11. Doi: 10.1002/lary.26590.
75. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer‘s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer‘s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer‘s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7 (3): 270–279. Doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03. 008.
76. Association American Psychiatry. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
77. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer‘s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer‘s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer‘s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7 (3): 263–269. Doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005.
78. Ngo J, Holroyd-Leduc JM. Systematic review of recent dementia practice guidelines. Age Ageing 2015; 44 (1): 25–33. Doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu143.
79. Hollá M, Bartoš A. Krátké testy kognitivních funkcí do ordinace praktického lékaře. Prakt Lék 2019; 99 (5): 191–198.
80. Wang Z, Dong B. Screening for cognitive impairment in geriatrics. Clin Geriatr Med 2018; 34 (4): 515–536. Doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2018.06. 004.
81. Brown DS, Bernstein IH, McClintock SM et al. Use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Alzheimer‘s Disease-8 as cognitive screening measures in Parkinson‘s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiat 2016; 31 (3): 264–272. Doi: 10.1002/gps.4320.
82. Hoops S, Nazem S, Siderowf AD et al. Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009; 73 (21): 1738–1745. Doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c34b47.
83. Saczynski JS, Inouye SK, Guess J et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Creating a Crosswalk with the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63 (11): 2370–2374. Doi: 10.1111/jgs.13710.
84. Teng EL, Chui HC. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiat 1987; 48 (8): 314–318.
85. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53 (4): 695–699. Doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.
86. Bartoš A, Orlíková H, Raisová M et al. Česká tréninková verze Montrealského kognitivního testu (MoCA‑CZ1) k časné detekci Alzheimerovy nemoci. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2014; 77/110 (5): 587–594.
87. Reban J. Montrealský kognitivní test (MoCA): přínos k diagnostice predemencí. Čes Ger Rev 2006; 4 (4): 224–229.
88. Amieva H, Ouvrard C. Does treating hearing loss in older adults improve cognitive outcomes? A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (3). Doi: 10.3390/jcm9030805.
89. Dupuis K, Pichora-Fuller MK, Chasteen AL et al. Effects of hearing and vision impairments on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2015; 22 (4): 413–437. Doi: 10.1080/13825585.2014.968084.
90. Jorgensen LE, Palmer CV, Pratt S et al. The effect of decreased audibility on MMSE performance: a measure commonly used for diagnosing dementia. J Am Acad Audiol 2016; 27 (4): 311–323. Doi: 10.3766/jaaa.15006.
91. Bolceková E. Profily kongnitivního deficitu a použití krátké neuropsychologické baterie u různých typů demence (disertační práce). Praha: Univerzita Karlova 2017.
92. Claes AJ, Mertens G, Gilles A et al. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status for Hearing Impaired Individuals (RBANS-H) before and after cochlear implantation: a protocol for a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Front Neurosci 2016; 10: 512. Doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00 512.
93. Chisolm TH, Johnson CE, Danhauer JL et al. A systematic review of health-related quality of life and hearing aids: final report of the American Academy of Audiology Task Force On the Health-Related Quality of Life Benefits of Amplification in Adults. J Am Acad Audiol 2007; 18 (2): 151–183. Doi: 10.3766/jaaa. 18.2.7.
94. Acar B, Yurekli MF, Babademez MA et al. Effects of hearing aids on cognitive functions and depressive signs in elderly people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011; 52 (3): 250–252. Doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.04.013.
95. Amieva H, Ouvrard C, Meillon C et al. Death, depression, disability, and dementia associated with self-reported hearing problems: a 25-year study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73 (10): 1383–1389. Doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx 250.
96. Ray J, Popli G, Fell G. Association of cognition and age-related hearing impairment in the English longitudinal study of ageing. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 144 (10): 876–882. Doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.1656.
97. Dawes P, Emsley R, Cruickshanks KJ et al. Hearing loss and cognition: the role of hearing AIDS, social isolation and depression. PLoS One 2015; 10 (3): e0119616. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119616.
98. Deal JA, Albert MS, Arnold M et al. A randomized feasibility pilot trial of hearing treatment for reducing cognitive decline: Results from the Aging and Cognitive Health Evaluation in Elders Pilot Study. Alzheimers Dement (NY) 2017; 3 (3): 410–415. Doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.06. 003.
99. Clark JH, Yeagle J, Arbaje AI et al. Cochlear implant rehabilitation in older adults: literature review and proposal of a conceptual framework. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60 (10): 1936–1945. Doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04150.x.
100. Claes AJ, Van de Heyning P, Gilles A et al. Cognitive outcomes after cochlear implantation in older adults: A systematic review. Cochlear Implants Int 2018; 19 (5): 239–254. Doi: 10.1080/14670100.2018.1484328.
101. Ambert-Dahan E, Routier S, Marot L et al. Cognitive evaluation of cochlear implanted adults using CODEX and MoCA screening tests. Otol Neurotol 2017; 38 (8): e282–e284. Doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001464.
102. Castiglione A, Benatti A, Velardita C et al. Aging, cognitive decline and hearing loss: effects of auditory rehabilitation and training with hearing aids and cochlear implants on cognitive function and depression among older adults. Audiol Neurootol 2016; 21 Suppl 1: 21–28. Doi: 10.1159/000448350.
103. Cosetti MK, Pinkston JB, Flores JM et al. Neurocognitive testing and cochlear implantation: insights into performance in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11: 603–613. Doi: 10.2147/CIA.S100255.
104. Jayakody DMP, Friedland PL, Nel E et al. Impact of cochlear implantation on cognitive functions of older adults: pilot test results. Otol Neurotol 2017; 38 (8): e289-e295. Doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001502.
105. Mosnier I, Bebear JP, Marx M et al. Improvement of cognitive function after cochlear implantation in elderly patients. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141 (5): 442–450. Doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2015.129.
106. Sonnet MH, Montaut-Verient B, Niemier JY et al. Cognitive abilities and quality of life after cochlear implantation in the elderly. Otol Neurotol 2017; 38 (8): e296–e301. Doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001503.
107. Schow RL, Nerbonne MA. Introduction to Audiologic Rehabilitation. Pearson 2017.
108. Lampit A, Hallock H, Valenzuela M. Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Med 2014; 11 (11): e1001756. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001 756.
109. Lawrence BJ, Jayakody DMP, Henshaw H et al. Auditory and cognitive training for cognition in adults with hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Hear 2018; 22: 2331216518792096. Doi: 10.1177/233121 6518792096.
110. Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017; 390 (10113): 2673–2734. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (17) 31363-6.
Labels
Audiology Paediatric ENT ENT (Otorhinolaryngology)Article was published in
Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics
2021 Issue 4
Most read in this issue
- Course variations of the internal carotid artery and their significance in pharyngeal surgery
- Acute mastoiditis and intracranial complications in children
- Primary middle ear inverted papilloma – a case report
- Sphenoid sinus mucocele with unilateral blindness – a case report